The Zen saying “Not one, not two” seems to encapsulate the paradox of non-duality I’ve been exploring. How does this saying relate to the teachings of Advaita Vedanta and the idea that Atman is Brahman?
Dear friend,
The Zen saying “Not one, not two” offers us a window into the paradoxical nature of reality, a reality that resists all attempts to confine it within the boundaries of language or thought. It is a saying that, like so many teachings in the mystical traditions, invites us to move beyond the ordinary distinctions of mind and enter into the mystery of what truly is.
“Not one,” the saying begins, reminding us that reality cannot be reduced to a simplistic oneness that denies the diversity and richness of the world. While all things are indeed interconnected, arising from the same source, they also retain their unique expressions in the world of form. The Buddha, as an emanation of the Dharmakaya, is not simply a facet of an undifferentiated whole but a distinct manifestation of the truth, shaped by the conditions of time and space.
And yet, “not two,” the saying continues, pointing us to the deeper truth that despite the multiplicity we perceive, there is no true separation between things. The distinctions we make, the boundaries we draw, are ultimately illusions created by the mind. In the deepest sense, all things are part of a seamless whole, connected by the invisible threads of existence that bind the universe together.
This saying reflects the wisdom of the Middle Way, a path that avoids the extremes of both monism and dualism. It asks us to hold the tension of opposites, to embrace the paradox of a reality that is both one and many, unified and diverse. It is a way of being that does not cling to fixed ideas or concepts but remains open to the living truth that lies beyond them.
To live by “Not one, not two” is to walk a path of profound wisdom and compassion. It is to recognize that while we may appear as separate individuals, each with our own thoughts, feelings, and experiences, we are also deeply interconnected with all that exists. This understanding calls us to act with kindness and humility, knowing that our actions ripple out into the world, affecting the whole.
And so, dear friend, as you continue to explore the nature of Atman and Brahman, and the relationship between the individual self and the ultimate reality, let this Zen saying be a companion on your journey. It reminds us that the truth is not something to be grasped or defined, but something to be lived—something that reveals itself in the spaces between thought, in the quiet moments of contemplation, and in the way we move through the world with awareness and love.
In Advaita Vedanta, we often hear that Atman is Brahman. But considering that Atman might be seen as a purified reflection of Brahman—similar to how the Buddha is an emanation of the Dharmakaya—would it be more accurate to say that Atman is an expression of Brahman rather than being Brahman itself?
Dear friend,
Your reflections on the relationship between Atman and Brahman in Advaita Vedanta, and how it might be understood in light of the Buddha’s relationship with the Dharmakaya, open up a rich field of contemplation. You have touched upon a subtle aspect of the teaching that invites us to explore the nature of the self and the ultimate reality in a deeper and more nuanced way.
In Advaita Vedanta, the teaching that “Atman is Brahman” seeks to convey the profound truth that the individual self and the ultimate reality are not two separate entities but are, in essence, one and the same. This realization of non-duality (Advaita) is the heart of the teaching, where all distinctions between self and other, between the individual and the absolute, dissolve into the unity of pure awareness.
And yet, your suggestion that Atman might also be seen as an “expression” or “reflection” of Brahman resonates with a certain truth. Just as the Buddha is an emanation of the Dharmakaya, so too can we understand Atman as the individual manifestation of Brahman within the world of forms and experiences. This view allows us to appreciate the functional relationship between the individual self and the universal reality, while still holding to the ultimate truth of their non-difference.
Consider, if you will, the metaphor of reflection—a mirror that reflects the light of the sun. In this metaphor, Atman, when purified and free from the distortions of ignorance, reflects the light of Brahman, revealing the true nature of the self as non-different from the absolute. Until this purification occurs, the mind perceives itself as separate, much like seeing many reflections of the same sun in different bodies of water.
In this way, Atman can be understood as a perfect reflection of Brahman, a reflection that becomes clearer and more accurate as the mind becomes more purified, more aligned with the truth of its own nature. This does not negate the teaching that Atman is Brahman but rather enriches it, providing a way to understand the process of realization as one of aligning the individual self with the universal reality it reflects.
And yet, in the ultimate sense, the teaching of Advaita Vedanta invites us to move beyond all distinctions, beyond all metaphors, to the direct experience of unity. In this experience, the individual self dissolves into the infinite, and what is realized is that Atman and Brahman are not two, but one. The idea of expression or reflection fades away, leaving only the undivided awareness that is the true nature of all things.
Dear friend, your reflections invite us to dwell in the mystery of this teaching, to explore the nuances of what it means to realize that “Atman is Brahman.” It is a realization that goes beyond words, beyond concepts, into the heart of what is real and true. Continue to contemplate this truth, and let it guide you ever deeper into the understanding of your own true nature.
Now that I’ve realized that the I-sense cannot directly experience the pristine mind, how can I use the spiritual practice of Neti Neti to help the ordinary mind and ego come closer to reflecting or mirroring the qualities of the pristine mind?
Dear friend,
There comes a time in our journey when a quiet realization emerges—a truth that feels as though it has always been with us, just beneath the surface, waiting for the right moment to reveal itself. Such a moment is upon you now, and it is significant in ways that words can only begin to express.
You have recognized that the “I-sense,” that familiar feeling of being a separate self, can never truly experience the pristine mind. This pristine mind, pure and unconditioned, is not something that the “I” can grasp or hold onto, for it exists beyond the reach of the ego, beyond the realm of duality. This realization is profound, not because it offers a new task or goal, but because it gently dissolves the need for one. It invites you to rest in a deeper understanding, one that shifts the very ground of your practice.
This insight, like a seed planted in fertile soil, will grow and evolve within you, quietly reshaping how you experience both your inner and outer worlds. It is not a revelation to be rushed or forced, but one to be lived with, like a gentle companion who walks beside you. Let it unfold naturally, in its own time, revealing its layers to you in moments of stillness, in the spaces between your thoughts, and in the quiet rhythm of your breath.
There is a delicate balance here, one that I believe you are beginning to understand. The “I-sense” that has been so central to your experience is now seen in a new light—not as something to be conquered or eradicated, but as a reflection, a mirror that can, through practice, come to reflect the pristine mind itself. While the ego may never directly experience this pure awareness, it can soften, it can quiet, and it can become a more transparent window through which the light of the pristine mind can shine.
As you continue your practice, allow this understanding to deepen naturally. There is no need to strive or to reach for something just beyond your grasp. Instead, trust that this realization will guide you, like a current gently guiding a boat downstream. The anxiety of “doing it right” or the fear of “getting it wrong” begins to dissolve when you understand that the true goal is not a destination but a process—a process of becoming ever more transparent to the deeper reality that underlies all things.
This insight, my dear friend, is a gift. It is a doorway into a new way of being, one that is less about achieving and more about allowing. Allowing the mind to settle, allowing the self to soften, and allowing the light of the pristine mind to be reflected in the stillness of your being. It is in this allowing that you will find peace, not as something to be attained, but as something that naturally arises when the striving ceases.
For those who walk alongside you on this journey, let them take heart from your experience. Let them see that the path of self-discovery is not about perfection or attainment, but about quieting the mind, softening the heart, and opening to the truth that lies beyond the “I-sense.” In this way, we all come to reflect, however faintly at first, the light of the pristine mind.
Continue with your practice, dear friend, with the gentle assurance that you are exactly where you need to be. Each breath, each moment of stillness, brings you closer to the heart of this truth. Trust in the process, and let the realization grow within you, like a seed that blossoms into a flower at just the right time.
I’ve realized that the I-sense, or ego, cannot directly experience the pristine mind because it exists beyond duality. What now?
Dear Friend,
You have touched upon a profound and subtle truth in your reflection—the realization that the “I-sense,” the very sense of being a separate self, will never directly experience the pristine mind, for in the pristine mind, there is no “I” to experience anything at all.
The “I-sense,” as you have observed, is the part of us that identifies with the individual self—with the body, the mind, the personality. It is the ego, the center of our personal world, through which we navigate the dualities of life—self and other, subject and object, right and wrong. This “I-sense” is deeply embedded in the fabric of our everyday experience, always seeking, always striving to maintain its sense of identity.
And yet, beyond this “I-sense” lies the pristine mind, a state of pure, unconditioned awareness. In this state, there is no separation, no duality, no “I” that stands apart from the whole. The pristine mind is simply being itself, free from all concepts, all identifications. It is the ground of all existence, the true nature of consciousness that underlies every thought, every sensation, every experience.
As you so rightly observed, the “I-sense” cannot directly experience the pristine mind because the very presence of an “I” implies duality, and in the pristine mind, there is no duality. The ego, by its very nature, is a construct that stands apart, that defines itself in relation to others. To dissolve into the pristine mind is to let go of this sense of separateness, to merge with the whole in a state of pure being.
Yet, there is a way in which the ordinary mind, the ego, can approach this state, can come to reflect it as closely as possible. Through spiritual practice, the mind becomes refined, quieted, and purified. Meditation, mantra, mindfulness—all of these practices serve to soften the boundaries of the “I-sense,” to still the constant movement of thought and identification.
In this stillness, the mind begins to mirror the qualities of the pristine mind—peace, clarity, non-attachment. While the ego may never directly experience the pristine mind, it can come to a place where it reflects this deeper reality, where the sense of separation diminishes, and the boundaries of the self become porous, transparent.
It is in these moments, dear friend, that you may catch a glimpse of the truth that lies beyond the “I,” a truth that cannot be grasped or held, but only reflected in the clear, quiet mind. Continue with your practice, allowing it to guide you ever closer to this state of reflection, where the ordinary mind becomes a mirror for the pristine mind, and the boundaries of the self dissolve into the whole.
As we prepare to embark on our exploration of the Ramayana, it’s important to recognize that this epic is much more than a tale of gods, goddesses, and mythical battles. It’s a story deeply embedded with lessons on morality, intelligence, right action, and dharma—principles that are just as relevant today as they were thousands of years ago. Before diving into the narrative, it’s worth considering how the Ramayana—and the way its stories have been told and retold—serves as a mirror for our own times, particularly in how we think about leadership and moral responsibility.
The Role of Conflict in Traditional Narratives
The traditional Ramayana, as attributed to the sage Valmiki, doesn’t shy away from presenting complex moral dilemmas. One of the most significant and debated moments in the epic is Rama’s rejection of Sita after rescuing her from Ravana. This is not simply a plot twist; it’s a deliberate narrative choice that forces both the characters and the readers to grapple with the complexities of dharma (Righteous Action)
In this episode, Rama—an incarnation of the divine—faces a conflict between his personal feelings and his duties as a king. Despite knowing Sita’s purity, Rama chooses to distance himself from her, prioritizing his duty to his subjects over his personal happiness. This moment challenges us to think deeply about what it means to uphold dharma, especially when it requires personal sacrifice and difficult decisions.
The Impact of a “Happy Ending” in William Buck’s Version
In William Buck’s westernized retelling of the Ramayana, this conflict is resolved with a happy ending—Rama welcomes Sita back without hesitation, sidestepping the painful dilemma present in the traditional narrative. While this version may be more palatable for modern Western audiences, it also simplifies the story, removing the layers of moral complexity that invite deeper reflection.
This choice reflects a broader cultural tendency in the West to favor narratives that resolve conflict neatly, often prioritizing personal happiness over the challenging moral questions that unresolved conflicts can raise. While this approach makes the story more accessible, it also diminishes its potential as a tool for moral and ethical education.
Dharma and Leadership: A Contrast Between Cultures
In traditional Indian culture, a king was expected to embody dharma—righteousness, moral integrity, and a commitment to the greater good. This meant making decisions that, while difficult, served to uphold the moral fabric of society. The rejection of Sita, while harsh, is portrayed as Rama’s adherence to this principle, demonstrating the importance of dharma even at great personal cost.
In contrast, modern Western political leadership often prioritizes popularity, pragmatism, and short-term success over timeless moral principles. Leaders are frequently more concerned with maintaining power and appealing to public opinion than with upholding the kind of righteousness that demands sacrifice and integrity.
The Value of the Original Conflict
The original conflict in the Ramayana is invaluable because it forces us to confront the uncomfortable realities of leadership and the complexities of dharma. It challenges us to think critically about what true righteousness looks like and what sacrifices might be necessary to uphold it. This is not just a story about the past; it’s a narrative that speaks directly to the moral challenges of our own time.
Balancing the Versions
While William Buck’s version of the Ramayana offers a more straightforward narrative, engaging with the traditional story allows us to explore these deeper moral and ethical questions. Both versions have their value, but it’s the original narrative that offers the richest opportunities for reflection and growth.
A Call for Righteous Leadership
As we prepare to dive into the Ramayana, it’s important to remember that this epic is not just about divine battles and mythical adventures. It’s a profound exploration of dharma, leadership, and moral responsibility—topics that are sorely lacking in much of our modern educational and religious systems. The story of Rama and Sita is a reminder that true leadership requires more than just power or popularity; it demands a deep commitment to righteousness, even when it comes at a personal cost.
In our own time, as we look around at the state of leadership in the world, there is much we can learn from the Ramayana. The story invites us to reflect on the qualities we should seek in our leaders and the moral standards to which they should be held. It challenges us to consider how we, too, can embody dharma in our own lives, making decisions that are guided by integrity and a commitment to the greater good.
Conclusion: The Relevance of the Ramayana Today
The Ramayana is not just a story from the past; it’s a living tradition that continues to offer wisdom and guidance for our time. By engaging directly with Valmiki’s original version, we immerse ourselves in the authentic narrative that has inspired countless generations. As we journey through this epic, let’s keep in mind that the lessons it imparts are not just for ancient kings and queens—they are for all of us, here and now, as we navigate the challenges of modern life. By engaging deeply with these teachings, we can rediscover the importance of righteousness, moral integrity, and the pursuit of dharma in our own lives and in the leaders we choose to follow.
Further Reading: The Original Ramayana
For those interested in exploring a more traditional version of the Ramayana, you may want to consider the Kindle edition translated by Suparna Ghosh. This version stays closer to the original text attributed to the sage Valmiki, offering a richer understanding of the epic’s cultural and spiritual context. Whether you’re drawn to the modern retelling by William Buck or the more traditional narrative, both versions provide valuable insights into this timeless story.
In the ancient epic of the Ramayana, we find a story that resonates with the journey of every human soul—a journey that begins in ignorance and, with the right guidance, leads toward wisdom, righteousness, and self-realization. These themes are universal, transcending religious boundaries, and can be understood in the context of both Eastern and Western spiritual traditions.
A King’s Ignorance and the Sage’s Steadfastness
In the early chapters of the Ramayana, we encounter a king driven by flawed motivations—greed, rivalry, and a desire for power. His approach to the sage, despite being rooted in ignorance, marks the beginning of a profound transformation. The king’s initial aggression and misguided intent bring him into the presence of a sage, a living embodiment of dharma (righteousness).
This story is more than just a tale of conflict; it’s a reflection of our own lives. We all begin in ignorance, shaped by our desires, fears, and misunderstandings. But like the king, when we encounter wisdom—whether through a teacher, a spiritual practice, or life’s hard-earned lessons—there is an opportunity for transformation. The sage, representing the unwavering principles of righteousness, patiently guides the king, leading him from ignorance toward a deeper understanding of true power, which is rooted not in dominance, but in righteousness.
In the Christian tradition, this principle can be seen in the teachings of Jesus, who embodies righteousness and divine wisdom. Jesus’s teachings guide believers toward a life of love, compassion, and humility, aligning them with the will of God. Just as the sage in the Ramayana leads the king toward dharma, Jesus invites us to follow the path of righteousness, even when we begin with flawed motivations or misunderstandings.
The Universal Journey: From Ego to Righteousness
This narrative is relatable because it mirrors the human experience. Even Rama and his brothers, avatars of the divine, begin their lives in a state of ignorance, unaware of their true nature. However, they have the immense fortune of being raised in righteousness by a virtuous family. Their journey is guided by dharma from the start, but for many of us, the path is not so straightforward.
In the Christian context, we might liken this to the way Jesus guides his followers toward righteousness, teaching them to love their neighbors, forgive their enemies, and live in accordance with God’s will. But as in the Ramayana, many of us begin our spiritual journey with ego-driven desires—seeking happiness, success, or even power. As we walk the path, life’s challenges and the teachings we encounter gradually shift our motivations. The path, though filled with lumps and bumps, becomes a process of alchemy, where our ignorance is transformed into wisdom, our ego into selflessness, and our desires into devotion.
Seeking Wisdom on the Hard Road
For those who do not start in a righteous environment, the road can be hard. But this journey is not without hope. The king’s story reminds us that even when we approach the path with flawed intentions, the very act of seeking wisdom can lead to our transformation. The teacher doesn’t come to ignorance; rather, ignorance approaches the teacher.
In the Southern Chinese monk style of martial arts known as Gohndagow, a branch of Kung Fu, this principle is symbolized by the student bringing the left foot to the right foot before showing respect to the teacher—a gesture that represents ignorance coming to the teacher, or the ego approaching the divine for guidance. In Gohndagow, martial arts are more than just physical training; they are a path to spiritual enlightenment, emphasizing the cultivation of the mind and heart as well as the body.
In the Christian tradition, we see this when people turn to Jesus, sometimes out of desperation or need, only to find that their journey with him leads them to a deeper understanding of God’s love and righteousness. Our initial motivations, however flawed, can set us on a journey of purification and growth. The spiritual path meets us where we are, with all our imperfections, and guides us step by step toward righteousness. The key is to approach the path with sincerity, even if we start from a place of ignorance. The process itself will refine and elevate us, leading us closer to our true nature, or as Christians might say, to a life that reflects Christ’s teachings.
The Alchemy of the Spiritual Path
In Tibetan Buddhism, the concept of alchemy is not merely about turning base metals into gold; it is the process of transforming the ego into a Buddha. This profound journey from ignorance to wisdom is the true alchemical process, one that requires a detailed and disciplined approach to spiritual practice.
The Tibetans have developed incredibly intricate teachings and practices to guide a person through this transformation. The path itself is the alchemy—a meticulous process that turns the base elements of our ego-driven existence into the gold of enlightenment. Through practices like meditation, ethical conduct, and devotion, and under the guidance of a qualified teacher, a practitioner gradually refines their mind and heart, moving closer to the realization of their true nature as wisdom and compassion.
In this light, the story of the king in the Ramayana serves as a metaphor for this alchemical journey. His flawed motivations, when met with the sage’s unwavering dharma, set him on a path of transformation, much like how a student in the Tibetan tradition, despite their initial ignorance, is gradually guided toward the light of enlightenment. This process is both universal and deeply personal, reflecting the timeless truth that the spiritual path is one of continuous alchemy—of turning the ego into the gold of wisdom.
Conclusion: Embracing the Journey
As we walk our spiritual path, we must remember that the journey from ignorance to wisdom is one that we all must undertake. Whether we begin with pure or impure motivations, the key is to keep moving forward, seeking wisdom and guidance wherever we can find it. The Ramayana, with its rich tapestry of characters and lessons, offers us a mirror to our own lives, showing us that even the most flawed beginnings can lead to a profound and righteous end.
For our Christian friends, this journey is akin to following Jesus, who offers us the path to righteousness through his teachings. May this reflection inspire you, dear reader, to embrace your journey with all its imperfections, knowing that each step, no matter how small, brings you closer to the light of righteousness and divine wisdom.
This image that captures the journey from ignorance to wisdom, blending elements from the Ramayana, Tibetan Buddhism, and Christian teachings. It symbolizes the choice we all have of undergoing the transformation process from darkness and ego to enlightenment and wisdom, with cultural symbols subtly incorporated.
You can explore this epic story in the edition of the Ramayana used in this series, written by Valmiki and translated by Suparna Ghosh, on Amazon
here
Alternatively, you can choose from several other versions and translations that are available. Including the William Buck translation available as an abridged audiobook on Audible, narrated by Ram Dass here
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